RRB Group D Memory Based Paper 2026 – 12 August 2026

Which of the following describes a type of reproduction that involves only one parent and no gametes?

1. AFertilization in frogs
2. BFormation of seeds in flowering plants
3. CBinary fission in Amoeba
4. DInternal fertilization in mammals

Which statement best supports the law of constant proportions?

1. AWater obtained from two sources having the same composition
2. BSand obtained from two places with different particle sizes
3. CMud obtained from two ponds with different minerals
4. DSoil obtained from two regions with mixed organic matter

What happens to the potential energy of an object if its mass is halved while its height from the ground remains constant?

1. APotential energy becomes zero
2. BPotential energy doubles
3. CPotential energy remains unchanged
4. DPotential energy is halved

What is the main difference between isobars and isotopes?

1. AIsobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
2. BIsobars have the same number of electrons; isotopes do not.
3. CIsobars have the same atomic number; isotopes have different atomic numbers.
4. DIsobars are atoms of the same element; isotopes are of different elements.

Suppose a student wants to design an amusement park ride that moves people in a circle at a uniform speed. What concept should the student apply to keep riders secure in their seats during circular motion?

1. ARandomly increasing speed will keep them safe
2. BGravity alone is sufficient to keep riders in place
3. CA continuous outward force is needed to press riders into their seats
4. DA continuous inward (centripetal) force is required to keep riders in uniform circular motion

The apparent random shimmering or twinkling of objects seen through a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a fire or radiator is caused by:

1. ADiffraction of light
2. BDispersion of light
3. CAtmospheric refraction of light
4. DReflection of light

Why are vesicles important in the functioning of the Golgi apparatus?

1. AThey generate energy required for packaging in the Golgi apparatus
2. BThey digest waste materials
3. CThey help in the formation of the nucleus
4. DThey transport materials to and from the Golgi apparatus

A student observes that when a compass needle is brought near a current-carrying wire, it gets deflected. Using your understanding of magnetic fields, explain why this happens.

1. AA current-carrying wire creates a magnetic field that exerts a force on the compass needle.
2. BThe wire creates a gravitational effect that causes the needle to move.
3. CThe wire heats up, causing air currents to move the needle.
4. DThe wire generates an electric force acting on the compass needle.

The atomic number of a phosphorus atom is:

1. A17
2. B14
3. C16
4. D15

Which part of a plant cell helps it to remain intact and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment?

1. AVacuole
2. BCytoplasm
3. CCell wall made of cellulose
4. DCell membrane

Which process is used to convert zinc carbonate ore into zinc oxide before reduction?

1. AHeating strongly in limited air (Calination)
2. BHeating with aluminum powder
3. CHeating with carbon powder
4. DHeating strongly in excess air

A woman using a Copper-T experiences abdominal pain. What is the most likely cause?

1. AHormonal imbalance
2. BBlockage in fallopian tubes
3. CUterine irritation due to the IUD
4. DAbdominal infection

Which of the following is the correct matching of a part of a flower in reproduction with its primary biological function?

1. AStamen - Production of pollen grains
2. BPistil - Attracting pollinators
3. CPetals - Production of female gametes
4. DSepals - Development of ovules

What role do cellular vacuoles play in plant waste management?

1. AThey facilitate nutrient absorption
2. BThey store waste products
3. CThey assist in photosynthesis
4. DThey help in water transport

Which type of connective tissue connects muscles to bones?

1. AJoint
2. BBlood
3. CTendon
4. DLigament

A ball is placed at the edge of a table and left undisturbed. Due to its position, what form of energy does the ball primarily possess, and what might happen if it is pushed off the table?

1. AThe ball has chemical energy and releases it when it falls.
2. BThe ball has elastic potential energy due to its shape.
3. CThe ball has potential energy which converts into kinetic energy as it falls.
4. DThe ball has kinetic energy and stays at rest until a force acts on it.

When fat reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce soap and glycerol, the reaction is classified as:

1. AFermentation reaction
2. BSaponification reaction
3. CPrecipitation reaction
4. DCombustion reaction

A designer wants to build a device that spreads light from a small bulb uniformly to illuminate a wide area. Which lens should be used and why?

1. AA plane glass, because it transmits light without bending
2. BA prism, because it bends light at an angle
3. CA convex lens, because it converges light rays
4. DA concave lens, because it diverges light rays outward

A biconvex lens forms a real and inverted image twice the size of the object. Where is the object located relative to the lens?

1. ABetween one focal length and twice the focal length from the lens
2. BBeyond twice the focal length from the lens
3. CAt twice the focal length from the lens
4. DAt the focal length from the lens

Which of the following does not describe a property of ethanol (C2H5OH)?

1. AIt is a clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant smell.
2. BIt reacts with sodium to release hydrogen gas.
3. CIt is soluble in water in all proportions.
4. DIt turns blue litmus paper red.

Consider the two statements given below and choose the correct option. Statement A: Acids react with all metals to form hydrogen gas. Statement B: Gold and platinum also react with acids to release hydrogen.

1. AStatement A is true but B is false
2. BStatement A is false but B is true
3. CBoth Statement A and B are true
4. DBoth Statement A and B are false

Which of the following statements is correct regarding epithelial tissue?

1. ACells are loosely bound
2. BCells lack a basement membrane
3. CCells are tightly packed with very little intercellular space
4. DCells form only blood tissues

If a uniform force acts on two objects of different masses, which statement best describes their acceleration according to Newton's second law of motion?

1. ABoth objects will have the same acceleration.
2. BAcceleration does not depend on mass.
3. CThe object with greater mass will have higher acceleration.
4. DThe object with lower mass will have higher acceleration.

Consider the reaction: CH3CH2OH + alkaline KMnO4 → heat CH3COOH. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (A) The reaction represents the oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid. (B) Alkaline KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent. (C) Alkaline KMnO4 acts as a reducing agent.

1. AOnly B
2. BA, B and C
3. COnly A and C
4. DOnly A and B

Choose the correct formula for aluminium sulphate.

1. AAl2SO4
2. BAl(SO4)3
3. CAl2(SO4)3
4. DAl3SO4

A can complete a work in 57 days. B is 80% less efficient than A. C is 50% more efficient than B. B and C work together for 54 days. In how many days will A alone complete the remaining work?

1. A35 days
2. B30 days
3. C26 days
4. D27 days

If x:y = 9:11, what is the value of ((x+1)/(y+1)) / ((x²-1)/(y²-1))?

1. A(11k-1)/(3k+1)
2. B(7k-1)/(9k-1)
3. C(11k-1)/(9k-1)
4. D(11k-1)/(3k-1)

Mr. X traveled 810 km, 492 km and 988 km at speeds of 30 km/h, 12 km/h and 38 km/h respectively. Find his average speed in km/h.

1. A24 18/47
2. B24 17/47
3. C25 20/47
4. D24 16/47

Find the diameter of a sphere with a surface area of 28962 sq cm. (Rounded to the nearest integer) (Use π = 22/7)

1. A108 cm
2. B48 cm
3. C98 cm
4. D96 cm

Nitin sells two articles at Rs 2,973 each, gaining no profit and no loss in the entire transaction. If one article was sold at a profit of 50%, at what loss percentage was the second article sold?

1. A26%
2. B22%
3. C27%
4. D25%

In an apartment complex, the monthly electricity consumption (in units) of five flats is 320, 400, 360, 340 and 380. If the residents want to find the average monthly consumption per flat (in units) using the direct method, what value will they get?

1. A355
2. B365
3. C350
4. D360

David has borrowed an amount of Rs 440000 from a bank to start a business. After 2 years at the rate of 6% per annum, how much simple interest (in Rs) will he pay?

1. A52800
2. B54800
3. C53800
4. D51800

Mr. Sriram invested Rs 14,000 in an FD. If he invested it at 20% per annum compound interest rate for 6 months, compounded quarterly, how much will he receive at maturity?

1. ARs 15,437
2. BRs 15,434
3. CRs 15,436
4. DRs 15,435

A boat running downstream covers a distance of 18 km in 3 hours while it covers the same distance upstream in 9 hours. The speed of the boat in still water is:

1. A6 km/h
2. B4 km/h
3. C2 km/h
4. D8 km/h

In ΔABC, BD ⊥ AC at D and ∠DBC = 55°. E is a point on BC such that ∠CAE = 56°. What is the measure of ∠AEB?

1. A88°
2. B90°
3. C85°
4. D91°

A water tank is in the shape of a cone with radius 5 meters and height 12 meters. How much water can this tank hold when completely full? (Use π ≈ 3.14)

1. A424 cubic meters
2. B345 cubic meters
3. C327 cubic meters
4. D314 cubic meters

The monthly incomes (in Rs thousands) of ten employees are 35, 40, 38, 50, 46, 42, 39, 37, 41 and 44. What is the median income of the employees (in Rs thousands)?

1. A42
2. B40
3. C40.5
4. D41

R's expenditure is 65% of his salary. If his salary increases by 10% and his savings are Rs 3,150 more than the previous savings, his expenditure is now 60% of his salary. His current salary is _____.

1. A39,000
2. B37,500
3. C38,500
4. D35,000

The mode and median of a data are 13.8 and 64 respectively. What is the mean of the data? (Use empirical formula.)

1. A92.1
2. B89.1
3. C93.3
4. D80.4

If a = 1/14, b = 1/14, c = -1/7, what is the value of a³ + b³ + c³?

1. A3 / 1372
2. B1 / 1372
3. C-1 / 1372
4. D-3 / 1372

The length of a rectangular garden is 25 meters and breadth is 18 meters. If a path of uniform width of 2 meters is built all around outside the garden, what is the perimeter of the outer edge of the path?

1. A86 meters
2. B98 meters
3. C112 meters
4. D102 meters

The monthly incomes of two friends Ajay and Amit are in the ratio 6:7 and each of them saves Rs 63,000 every month. If the ratio of their monthly expenditure is 2:4, find Ajay's monthly income (in Rs).

1. A74,600
2. B1,05,840
3. C76,600
4. D75,600

Simplify: {(16/36 ÷ 16/4)} ÷ (2/7 × 14/6 + 5/12) + (4/7 ÷ 39/12 of 12/7)

1. A12/47
2. B8/39
3. C-1/43
4. D7/33

If cos x - sin x = a and cos x + sin x = b, what will be the value of (1 - tan² x) / (1 + tan² x)?

1. Aa² + b²
2. Bab
3. Ca² - b²
4. D-ab

If 2 tan A = 3, find the value of (sec² A + tan² A - 1) / (sec² A - tan² A + 1):

1. A3
2. B2/3
3. C2
4. D1/3

The price of fuel decreases by 45%, 25% and 15% in three consecutive months, but increases by 45% in the fourth month. What is the percentage decrease in its price in the fourth month compared to the original price of fuel? (Rounded to 2 decimal places.)

1. A53.54%
2. B47.82%
3. C49.16%
4. D46.44%

If (125)^1.3 × (25)^1.8 ÷ (5)^2.5 = 5^x, find the value of 18x - 5.

1. A85
2. B95
3. C80
4. D90

The following graph shows the numerical distribution of all directors in the film industry of country X according to their birth place. (China: 57, India: 81, America: 54, Continent of Europe: 51, Continent of Africa: 27). What is the ratio of the number of directors from the American continent to the total number of directors?

1. A1:6
2. B1:5
3. C1:3
4. D1:4

A and B start a business by investing Rs 93,000 and Rs 54,000 respectively. B leaves the business after 3 months, and then C joins with an investment of Rs 28,000 for the remaining period of the year. If 11% of the total profit is Rs 61,336, what is B's share in the profit?

1. A59,070
2. B59,059
3. C59,040
4. D58,951

Find the simplified value of the following expression: (8.4 / 0.7 + 2.4 / 4) ÷ (9.6 / 8 - 3 / 5)

1. A21
2. B30
3. C2.4
4. D2.1

If '+' means '-', '-' means '×', '×' means '÷', '÷' means '+', what will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following equation? 7 - 24 × 6 ÷ 18 + 7 = ?

1. A40
2. B45
3. C48
4. D39

Niku ranked 24th from the top and 13th from the bottom in his class. How many total students are there in his class?

1. A35
2. B34
3. C36
4. D37

Rajesh is 25th from the top and 35th from the bottom in his class. How many students are there in his class?

1. A60
2. B59
3. C58
4. D57

In a certain code language, A @ B means 'A is the daughter of B' A # B means 'A is the son of B' A ≠ B means 'A is the sister of B' A + B means 'A is the father of B' Based on the above, if 'F @ G + S ≠ T # V', how is F related to V?

1. AWife
2. BSister
3. CDaughter
4. DSister's daughter

If 'P' means '÷', 'Q' means '×', 'R' means '+' and 'S' means '-', what will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following equation? 76 P 4 R 12 Q 9 S 6 = ?

1. A121
2. B128
3. C118
4. D120

What should come in place of '?' in the given series? 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280, ?

1. A5120
2. B5128
3. C5130
4. D5134

In a certain code language, A + B means 'A is the son of B', A - B means 'A is the brother of B', A × B means 'A is the wife of B' and A ÷ B means 'A is the father of B'. Based on the above, if 'S - D + F ÷ H × K', how is S related to K?

1. ABrother
2. BWife's father
3. CWife's brother
4. DFather

Seven employees Rahul, Ram, Ramesh, Sohan, Sahil, Anil and Sonu are sitting around a circular table facing the centre (not necessarily in the same order). Anil is the immediate neighbor of both Ram and Sonu. Ram is second to the right of Sahil. Rahul is the immediate neighbor of both Sahil and Sohan. Who is second to the left of Rahul?

1. AAnil
2. BRam
3. CRamesh
4. DSonu

Eight boys Anil, Kamal, Ram, Sanjay, Akash, Vivek, Rahul and Ramu are sitting around a circular table facing towards the centre (not necessarily in the same order). Vivek is third to the right of Kamal. Kamal is second to the right of Sanjay. Ram is second to the right of Anil. Anil is second to the right of Vivek. Rahul is third to the right of Akash. Who is second to the right of Kamal?

1. AVivek
2. BSanjay
3. CRamu
4. DAkash

In a certain code language, 'CUTE' is coded as '7624' and 'SOUP' is coded as '1357'. What is the code for 'U' in the given code language?

1. A7
2. B5
3. C3
4. D6

This question is based on the five three-digit numbers given below. (Left) 694 874 742 459 648 (Right) (Example - 697 - first digit = 6, second digit = 9 and third digit = 7). If the second digit of the largest number is added to the third digit of the smallest number, what will be the result?

1. A16
2. B14
3. C12
4. D13

This diagram represents the people who are singers, teachers, and doctors. Study the diagram and identify the region that represents those people who are teachers or singers but not doctors.

1. A46
2. B18
3. C52
4. D58

In an institute of 400 students, the passing percentage in 3 subjects A, B and C is given... How many students passed in both B and C?

1. A49
2. B27
3. C41
4. D36

Statements: 1. All chairs are tables. 2. Some tables are wood. Conclusions: I. Some chairs are wood. II. Some tables are chairs.

1. AOnly I
2. BOnly II
3. CBoth
4. DNone

Which of the following equations will be correct by interchanging the two given numbers 5 and 9?

1. A5 + 9 × 2 ÷ 3 = 12
2. B9 + 5 × 2 - 1 = 30
3. C8 ÷ 2 + 9 × 3 - 5 = 10
4. D5 - 9 × 1 + 2 = 10

If 1 is added to each even digit and each odd digit of the number 76341528, what will be the sum of all odd digits in the new number so formed?

1. A28
2. B22
3. C24
4. D26

Which of the following letter-number groups will replace the question mark (?) in the given series to complete it logically? HDK 10, LIO 15, PNS 20, TSW 25, ?

1. AXYB 30
2. BYYB 30
3. CYXA 28
4. DXXA 30

Statements: 1. All apples are fruits. 2. No fruit is blue. Conclusions: I. No apple is blue. II. All blue things are not apples.

1. AOnly I
2. BOnly II
3. CBoth
4. DNone

A, B, C, D, J, K, L and M are sitting around a square table facing towards the center of the table. Some of them are sitting at the corners while some are sitting at the exact middle of the sides. Only three persons are sitting between L and M. L is sitting at the middle of one of the sides. A is sitting second to the left of M. D is sitting second to the right of C. [One of them sits at the corner] and is not the immediate neighbor of M. Only three persons are sitting between D and K. J is not the immediate neighbor of B. Who is sitting fourth to the left of B?

1. AA
2. BM
3. CJ
4. DK

Based on the English alphabetical order, three of the following four are alike in a certain way and thus form a group. Which one does not belong to that group? (a) ZXV (b) IGE (c) OMK (d) NMJ

1. AZXV
2. BIGE
3. COMK
4. DNMJ

Look at the following letter and symbol series and answer the question given below. Counting is to be done from left to right only. (Left) M L Z Q ⊙ L X + E S E / J L Q Y Q W + X R (∓ ∏) (Right) How many such letters are there, each of which is immediately preceded by a symbol and immediately followed by a symbol as well?

1. ANone
2. BOne
3. CThree
4. DTwo

In this question, a group of numbers/symbols is coded using letter codes according to the given codes and conditions... What is the code for the following group of numbers/symbols? 28%5

1. APRJF
2. B$RJ$
3. CPJRF
4. D$JR$

Five colleagues Zoe, Aaron, Ben, Chloe and Daniel are sitting around a circular table facing towards the centre. Zoe is sitting to the immediate left of Aaron. Chloe is the immediate neighbor of Zoe. Daniel is sitting to the immediate right of Aaron. Who is sitting to the immediate left of Zoe?

1. ADaniel
2. BBen
3. CChloe
4. DAaron

Look at the following letter and symbol series and answer the question that follows. Counting should be done from left to right only. (Left) K & Z # % X N E A A Y C + H \ Y = C ? $ M H (Right) How many such letters are there, each of which is immediately preceded by a symbol and immediately followed by a letter as well?

1. AThree
2. BTwo
3. CZero
4. DOne

If 10 % 5 = 6, 8 % 4 = 6 then 6 % 2 = ?

1. A2
2. B8
3. C3
4. D9

If 2 is added to each even digit and 2 is subtracted from each odd digit in the number 6597423, what will be the sum of all even digits in the new number so formed?

1. A20
2. B14
3. C16
4. D18

In the word CURRENT, each vowel is replaced by the next letter in the English alphabetical order and each consonant is replaced by the previous letter in the English alphabetical order. Which of the following will be the third letter from the right in the new group of letters so formed?

1. AG
2. BE
3. CF
4. DH

If '+' and '-' are interchanged and '×' and '÷' are interchanged, what will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following equation? 35 + 10 × 2 - 15 ÷ 3 = ?

1. A75
2. B74
3. C77
4. D76

In a certain code, 'big grand wedding' is coded as 'rc af bg' 'grand birthday celebration' is coded as 'kp vg rc' 'enjoy big celebration' is coded as 'af zd vg' What is the possible code for 'birthday bash'?

1. Akp rc
2. Bbg vg
3. Crc zd
4. Dkp tn

Vihana walks 11 km towards North, then turns left and walks 7 km. Then she turns left again and walks 11 km. She turns right and walks 2 km to reach point R. How far and in which direction is point R from the starting point?

1. A9 km, West
2. B11 km, East
3. C8 km, East
4. D10 km, West

Which bowler won the Purple Cap in both IPL 2020 and IPL 2026?

1. AHarshal Patel
2. BBhuvneshwar Kumar
3. CKagiso Rabada
4. DDwayne Bravo

According to the draft National Electricity Policy 2026, market-based power systems are proposed in place of long-term:

1. ARenewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
2. BFuel Supply Agreements (FSAs)
3. CCoal Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)
4. DOpen Access Agreements (OAAs)

What is the name of Sweden's highest honor awarded to foreign heads of state, which was given to Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2026?

1. AOrder of St. Olav
2. BRoyal Order of the Polar Star, Commander Grand Cross
3. CGrand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit
4. DOrder of the Dannebrog

In the Padma Awards 2026, Ms. Gayatri Balasubramanian and Ms. Ranjani Balasubramanian were awarded as a Duo. To which field do they belong?

1. AMedicine
2. BSocial Work
3. CArt
4. DLiterature and Education

In April 2026, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) signed a Plan of Implementation (PoI) with which country's agency to boost skill development in the shipbuilding sector?

1. AJapan
2. BSouth Korea
3. CGermany
4. DFrance

India's first hydrogen-powered train, which recently completed its successful oscillation trials in March 2026, is scheduled to run on which of the following railway routes?

1. AMumbai to Ahmedabad
2. BJind to Sonipat
3. CPathankot to Joginder Nagar
4. DKalka to Shimla

What is the official theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2026?

1. AShaping the Global Future
2. BRebuilding Trust
3. CThe Spirit of Dialogue
4. DInclusive Growth for All

India signed an MoU with which country on February 25, 2026 to strengthen cooperation in forests, wildlife, environment, biodiversity conservation and climate change?

1. ABangladesh
2. BNepal
3. CBhutan
4. DSri Lanka

The Asia Africa Agri Alliance (AAAA) launched in New Delhi in March 2026 is established as what type of organization under the Companies Act, 2013?

1. ASection 8 non-profit organization
2. BPrivate Limited Company
3. CPublic Limited Company
4. DCooperative Society

In April 2026, the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) partnered with which organization to launch India's first domestic benchmark natural gas derivatives?

1. AONGC
2. BIndian Gas Exchange Limited (IGX)
3. CGAIL India Limited
4. DNTPC Limited

What is the name of the institution that released the World Inequality Report 2026?

1. AWorld Economic Forum
2. BWorld Inequality Lab
3. CInternational Labour Organization
4. DUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

In Union Budget 2026-27, India's real GDP growth for 2026-27 (FY27) is estimated to remain in the range of _____.

1. A6.0-6.5 percent
2. B6.8-7.2 percent
3. C7.0-7.5 percent
4. D7.5-8.0 percent

How much expenditure is proposed for the Biopharma Shakti initiative in the Union Budget 2026-27?

1. ARs 5,000 crore
2. BRs 10,000 crore
3. CRs 15,000 crore
4. DRs 20,000 crore

In March 2026, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) signed a working arrangement with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to strengthen cooperation in industrial aviation. Which of the following projects is a key highlight of this arrangement?

1. AManufacturing of Su-30 MKI components in Pune
2. BAssembly of Airbus Helicopters H125/AS350 in Bengaluru
3. CDevelopment of C-295 transport aircraft in Vadodara
4. DProduction of Rafale Marine engines in Goa

Who directed India's official entry for Oscars 2026, the film 'Homebound'?

1. AZoya Akhtar
2. BAnurag Kashyap
3. CNeeraj Ghaywan
4. DShoojit Sircar

How does the Rajasthan Homestay Scheme 2026 contribute to "Sustainable Tourism"?

1. ABy discouraging tourists from visiting popular cities like Jaipur
2. BBy increasing accommodation without the need for heavy industrial construction
3. CBy limiting all tourist activities strictly to daytime
4. DBy making it mandatory for all tourists to participate in local farming

According to the Final Estimates (FE) for 2024-25 released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in March 2026, India's total horticulture production reached approximately how many lakh tonnes?

1. A3500.50 lakh tonnes
2. B3600.00 lakh tonnes
3. C3707.38 lakh tonnes
4. D3800.00 lakh tonnes

What was the theme of the G7 Outreach session attended by PM Modi in 2026?

1. ABuilding a Sustainable Future
2. BReimagining Global Governance
3. CForging New Partnerships and Rebuilding International Solidarity
4. DOne Earth, One Family, One Future

In March 2026, Union Minister H. D. Kumaraswamy inaugurated a 5 MW ground-mounted solar power plant and flagged off defense equipment at which organization's facility in Haridwar?

1. AHindustan Aeronautics Limited
2. BBharat Heavy Electricals Limited
3. CBharat Electronics Limited
4. DMazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited

On January 4, 2026, Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a large number of newly developed crop varieties in New Delhi. Which of the following best describes this initiative?

1. ALaunch of Genetically Modified (GM) crops for export promotion
2. BRelease of 184 climate-resilient crop varieties of 25 crops under the "lab to land" approach
3. CIntroduction of a single high-yielding rice variety to replace traditional crops
4. DApproval of imported seed varieties for commercial farming